Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English Reviews & Guide

Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English Reviews & Guide Let's expand our library and see that which we want to do in order to bring another component. For instance, you will wish to be specific about which version of Angular your library works with. The newest version of the library might have its very own new dependencies that are incompatible with the project's own dependencies. There's bunch of them and all of them are pretty closely related so it actually doesn't make sense to create another file for each of them. Additionally, there are new possibilities in metadata settings employing scrapy parse. The attractiveness of FlashText is that the runtime is the exact same however many search terms you've got, in contrast with regexp where the runtime increases almost linearly with the variety of terms. You'd be familiar in regards to the compilation of a C file. Books offered in the house are the great service. Bilingual storytime can benefit not simply nati ve non-English speakers by making a welcoming environment for them and their children, but it's also a fantastic educational chance for English-speaking kids and their parents. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. The sort of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline offered to you. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you will need to contact. While it's the case that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely challenging to write. The Battle Over Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English and How to Win It It is possible to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. Many students think a thesis is merely a selection of ideas strung together with a couple crucial words. Today, most college students find it difficult to compose an essay on a specific topic. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Using computers can have beneficial side impacts on students, but could also lessen the quality of their work. Pros It is normally free to register for a library membership if it is possible to show proof of address that you're based in that city. There are various kinds of librarians. It is both efficient and simple to use. Ok, I Think I Understand Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English, Now Tell Me About Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English! It may be beneficial to get together to encourage one another to write. Library is the crucial leap in the creation of literacy given to students in classrooms. Library is a location where people are able to discover books for reading. Libraries permit children to ask questions regarding the world and locate the answers. A library widens the wisdom of the students with new suggestions and new thoughts. The superb library always giv es the suitable prospect for those readers. What to Expect From Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English? Cons of Libraries Conclusion Some argue there is technology to read online and do research so what's the need to go to library. Cons If you get hungry you will want to leave, because most libraries aren't going to enable you to bring food. Library is a suitable location for those students to study and research with no disturbance. It is also essential for any kind of research on different subjects. Definitions of Samples of Narrative Essay on Library in English Our first aim was to make an Angular workspace named example-ng6-lib. There's however a command line interface that's cross platform. The streaming implementation is also able to recuperate from loss of connectivity, and that means you don't need to be concerned about that. In a conventional software project the creation of the frequent library is virtually always advisable. The Demise of Samples of N arrative Essay on Library in English One of the main goals of microservices is to create loosely coupled services which may be changed independently from different services. Most importantly, you'll discover professional librarians that are trained to assist you in finding precisely what you are searching for. Library is a typical platform for those who have diverse reading interests and capacities.

Gun Control Laws Will NOT Reduce Crime Essay - 2324 Words

Some people believe that extremely tight gun control laws will eliminate crime, but gun control laws only prevent the good guys from obtaining firearms. Criminals will always have ways of getting weapons, whether it be from the black market, cross borders, or illegal street sales. New gun control laws will not stop them. Since the shootings of Columbine High School, Virginia Tech, and Sandy Hook, the frequency of mass shootings has increased greatly. Gun control is not effective as it has not been shown to actually reduce the number of gun-related crimes. Instead of considering a ban of private firearm possession, and violating individual ownership rights, it may be more practical to consider the option of partially restricting firearm†¦show more content†¦In McDonald v. the City of Chicago, the Court found that an individual’s right to lawfully possess a firearm for the purposes of self defense under the Second Amendment applied to the states by way of the Fourteent h Amendment(Krouse). The Fourteenth Amendment states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws(Fourteenth Amendment).† Handguns were used most often in homicides, most cases being in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s before falling to a low in 2008 (Cooper, et al.). Most gun involvement occurs with gang related activity, which increased from 73% in 1980 to 92% in 2008 (Cooper, et al.). The percentage of homicide victims killed with a gun increased with age of the victim until age 17, where it peaked at 79% and declined thereafter (Cooper, et al.). The sharp increase in homicides from the mid-1980’s through the early 1990’s, and much of the subsequent decline, is attributable to gun violence by teens and young adults (Cooper, et al.). From 1980 to 2008, moreShow MoreRelatedThe Irresponsible Deployment of Tasers by Canadian Police Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesNASA researcher, John H. Cover, in the 1960’s and 70’s, the TASER ® has been widely adopted by police agencies as a non-lethal alternative to guns. While these devices have aided authorities in subdui ng suspects, it has also resulted in numerous unnecessary deaths. The general perception of the non-lethality of Tasers along with poor judgement on the part of law enforcement has culminated in the over use and apparent misuse of discharge against suspects when alternate options have existed. 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Drama Portfolio Essay Paper Example For Students

Drama Portfolio Essay Paper Our year eleven drama coursework classes have been studying a play written by Willy Russell called Blood brothers. Throughout studying blood brothers in our workshop, I have been able to dig beneath the surface of the issues and relate with the characters thoughts and feelings. I have also been able to interpret the text by acting it out on Nemours occasions thus making it easier for me to understand the text. We have discussed in depth the moral issues and how the text can be communicated through the medium and the elements of drama. The themes explored were rich vs. poor, and the issue of nature vs. nurture. One area I found difficult was to use the Liverpool accent effectively when this was a key part of the play. The play was essentially a social comedy, but it was partially a tragedy also, both the comedy and tragedy themes kept the audience on the edge of their seats. I thought the show was excellent and it definitely fulfilled the high expectations I had of it. We explored Blood Brothers using many different explorative strategies, this helped me to be aware of all the various themes. We will write a custom essay on Drama Portfolio Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now An exercise where we used some of these themes in was when we got into groups and used hot seating to reveal more about the characters. Our group hot seated Mrs. Lyons to find her motive for taking responsibility for someone elses child. As me and my other classmates acted as physiatrists we tried to get under her skin to convey these emotions, and eventually the pressure of being on the spot got inside her head causing Mrs. Lyons to be completely honest. I learnt that my interpretation of Mrs. Lyons character was not as ruthless as I originally thought from the text, and that she just wanted to be a good mother because she couldnt have a child of her own. We used this method of hot seating on other characters as well as it is such a constructive technique. Another explorative strategy I used was the use of freeze frame, we used this method to highlight the importance of a specific moment in the play. We used this technique when we got into groups and recreated the first scene. I played Linda and entered slowly in pace to the music and froze on stage in the position on my knees crying. Then each member of the group followed till we were all frozen on stage symbolically. This portrayed the class and status of each character. Mrs. Lyons was frozen in an upright position while Mrs. Johnston was crouched down hinting their class divides. We used other techniques to unveil more on Blood Brothers, one of these techniques was Role play. Role play helped me to relate to the difficulties the actors experience and to realize the similarities and differences between the texts. We used role play firstly to learn more about certain scenes in the play. One scene we chose was when we got into pairs and acted out the scene where Sammy convinces Mickey to do the robbery. We used a range of tactics to ensure this, I was Sammy and I convinced Mickey to this by using reverse sociology, name calling, violence and force. I learnt from this that Mickey really didnt want to commit the crime he just needed the money. We had a group discussion to emphasize why Mickey committed the crime and we came up with ideas like he needed the money, Linda would like him better, no one would be injured and he didnt think he would get caught. Role play also links in to the work we were doing in the courtroom scene. This is where we were all given a character and we were then questioned by the prosecutor about our attitudes to others. I was Edward and I had a hard role but I think I succeeded to the full of my potential. I was aware of my body language and how it differed much to Mickeys, I also had a negative attitude towards Mrs. Johnston who I hadnt forgiven for giving me away. We also did another exercise which reflected the poor vs. rich divide in the play. We created a role play which we were set when Mrs. .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .postImageUrl , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:hover , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:visited , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:active { border:0!important; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:active , .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807 .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0451e6299503e8a9ef8b0b867625807:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss Shakespeare's portrayal of Shylock in 'The Merchant of Venice': is he portrayed as victim or villain EssayLyons came to visit Mrs. Johnston at her home before Mickey and Edward were born. The women conveyed different attitudes to one another Mrs. Lyons being civil but discomfited at being in Mrs. Johnsons house and Mrs. Johnston being courteous but slightly embarrassed of her house. Towards the end of the role-play we tried to convey a sense that she instantaneously wanted to get out of the house, and that we should make it clear that Mrs. Johnson was happy because of her rapid depart. In our class we were set the task to act like a 7 yr old boy or girl. At first it wasnt easy to do this because it is hard to convey a character of a young age from some one who is much older but when I had come to terms with the use of voice and body language it became easier. I used the space widely and behaved exactly like a child. It was interesting to see what happened because there was a gender split automatically between the girls and boys highlighting child like behavior. For this task we used role play again and improvisation. Still in role of the children we used thought tracking to find out what the childrens thoughts and opinions were. I was asked by my teacher to stay in role of the child. I was questioned about what I got for Christmas. I fidgeted like a child would do and replied a bike in a happy voice, but when I was asked about the color of the bike the tone of my voice changed and I said orange, I wanted red this reflects spoilt childlike behavior. I now realize the challenges facing the professional actors who performed at plays such as Mark Hutchinson and Stephen Palfreman who play Edward and Mickey. In conclusion I think Blood Brothers highlights the entire social context throughout the play. Willy Russell also makes it clear between the issue of rich and poor and status and dominance. Throughout using the explorative strategies such as freeze frame, marking the moment, hot seating, cross cutting, narration, and role play it has been much easier and has helped me to completely understand the text completely. The strategies also help us to relate to the characters and understand the themes and issues presented. We see from the start of the play how Mickey was destined to be the miserable one, and Edward seemed to have everything given to him because of his mothers wealth. However both of the twins end up tougher in a tragic ending.

International Trade and the Environment Essay Example

International Trade and the Environment Paper Theworlds economies are Integrated through trade and capital mobility. Should environmental regulations be made more uniform in response to such global Integration ? Economists say not always, asserting that time and resources may be better spent defining and carrying out sound domestic environ mental policy. Environmentalists caution that free trade can be synonymous with sustainable development only if, inthe case of natural resources, environmental costs are internalized through such mechanisms as taxes and tradable pollution permits. The debate covers a wide range of issues-from pollution havens to the politi cal economy of trade in the west to the role of investment and technological change. To shed light on these issues, the World Bank hosted an international conference. Here are the main points emerging from the proceedings : The effects of growth and trade li beralization on environmental quality are ambiguous. But where appropriate envi ronmental policies are in place, where growth is associated with environmentally friendly technological change, or where trade liberalization reduces environmen tally destructive economic distortions or increases productive efficiency, the effects of increased growth on the environment are likely to be positive. Pollution intensity per capita appears to fall as income rises, but evidence of the relationship presented at the conference was based on industrial toxic emissions data, which reflect changes in economic structure (compositional effects) and not  the toxic intensity of manufacturing output. Toxic emissions continue to rise world wide. Fast-growing economies with liberal trade policies (such as Chile) have experi enced less pollution-intensive growth than closed economies (such as Bolivia and El Salvador). Again, this is a compositional effect. But the contrast between open and closed economies may be even more pro nounced if the relative toxic intensities within industry were taken Into account. There Is some evidence from the United States that when interest groups link demands for protection from import competition to environmental arguments, they enjoy a higher success rate in secur ing trade restrictions. The economic con sequences of this kind of strategy are gen erally unfavorable and the environmental effects at best uncertain. One example is a proposed amendment to the Clean AirAct that would have banned imports of elec tricity from Canadian power plants that did not meet new U.S. environmental stand ards (and that would have protected U.S. plants subject to less stringent rules). Pollution abatement and control ex penditures by firms do not appear to have had a significant effect on competitiveness in most industries, since these expendi tures represent a modest share of total costs. This suggests that national differ ences in environmental regulations have not been a major explanatory factor in the changing International location patterns of dirty industries. Moreever, rising costs of compliance with environmental standards tend to affect most countries. Dirty industries have expanded faster in developing countries than the av erage rate for all industries pber the past two decades and faster than in industrial countries. It is uncertain, however, whether this International pattern merely reflects growth or industrial migration as well.. It seems that firms have good rea son not to transfer dirtier technologies to lower-income countries when they invest in these countries. Evidence from the wood pulp industry shows that the rate of clean technology adoption and diffusion is higher in open economies than in closed ones. Trade Policy and Environmental Objec tives. We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade and the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A key issues in environmental eco nomics is how best to protect the environ ment. Through command-and-control in terventions, such as trade restrictions and the use of pollution abatement funds ? Or through market-based solutions, such as industrial recycling and the diffusion of clean technology ? The tradition of direct control has dominated environmental policy in indus trial countries. Governments prefer direct commahd-and-control measures for sev eral reasons, according to Patrik Low and Raed Safadi. Regulation generally ensures more predictable outcomes. It assums the public of the governments commitment to environmental quality. And it provides public authorities with discretionary au thority over polluters. For these reasons, the shift to more more economically effi cient market interventions Is likely to be gradual, even in countries with the highest environmental standards. (Such marketbased policy alternatives have been re garded as an option only quite recently.) In comparing environmental and trade regulations across countries, most economists assume that the capacities to absorb emissions and other concentrations of pollutants vary and that social priorities differ. Differences in absorptive capacities give rise to a different structure of costs and benefits from pollution abatement and control activities and probably influence ^optimal resource depletion rates. Different social priorities (or discount rates) simply reflect the fact that not all societies em brace Identical environmental objectives. These two propositions may seem obvious and unexceptionable to econo mists,who thinkinterms ofscarcity, choice, and opportunity cost. But they are not so obvious to those who are tempted to assign an, infinite value to the environment. Differences in absorptive capacities and social preferences, allow the environ ment to be treated as an endowment or as a factor of production that is part of a country;s comparative advantage. Accord ing to Low and Safadi, it follows that envi ronmental standards and pollution abate ment and control activities will differ across countries, and there Is no valid, presump tion infavor of uniformityor harmonization. Harmonization ? Wide support exists in the environ mental community for unified action on the environment by all countries. The harmo nization of environmental standards would permitdirectcontrolof environmentalpolicy internationally, and as Nemat Shafik puts it, Harmony in environmental standards allows the imposition of extemal prefer ences without the disharmony of gunboat diplomacy. As already noted, differing absorptive capacities and social discount rates argue against uniformity as an inter national environmental pollicy goal. In considering such a goal, a distrinction must be made between prod uct standard and process standards. Product standars (relating to externalities in consumption) need to be enforced in the consuming jurisdiction irrespective of the source of the product. This means that harmonization occurs, at least for goods from all sources in a given market, al though not necessarily for those goods in all markets. Process standards (externali ties in production), however, should generally be specific to the location of pro duction. While calls for the harmonization of process standards are sometimes seen by economists as intrinsically protectionist, environmentalists disagree. Stewart Hud son asserts that such standards are In creasingly important, since they account for the life cycle of a product, beginning, with the extraction of natural resources and including the environmental ramifica tions of transport, marketing, packaging, consumption, and disposal. In sum, differences in environmen tal policy whether in standards or in en forcement capacities may not significantly affect a countrys advantage over a com peting trade partner. However, more re search is required. Even ifthe cost advan tages from these national differences are significant, this is no clear case for equaliz ing costs-or for the harmonization of standards. Growth, Trade, and Environmental Quality An important question, clearly in need of research, relates to the more dy namic aspects of the relationship between growth and trade liberalization on the one hand and environmental quality on the other. Discussing the links between growth and the environment in general terms, Marian Radetzki argues that increasing levels of economic activity are linked to improved environmental conditions. Ex plaining this relationship, he identifies as key factors the high income elasticity of demand for environmental quality, compositional shifts toward cleaner envi ronmental activities at higher income lev els, and the extension of property rights combined with the development of policies to deal with common global externalities in industrial countries. From a policy perspective, evidence that the pollutiori internsity/growth rela tionship goes the right way argues strongly  agains the adoption of antigrowth policies. Policies that factor in environmental exter nalities may well raise costs and reduce output clearly preferable to an uncritical pursuit of growth at any price. But adopting such an approach should be a matter of adjusting relative prices to reflect social costs and benefits, not of inveighing against increased economic activity because it carries environmental costs and consumes scarce resources. And once environmen tal policy interventions are contemplated, making the choice between more and less efficient alternatives becomes important from a welfare perspective, particularly when absolute pollution continues to rise and environmental crises occur. Ramon Lopez is less sanguine than many other economists about the extent to which technical progress can^ mitigate the environmental costs of increasing ,eco nomic activity, including that from trade liberalization. He presents a formal model that distingushes between growth with feedback effects (where pollution or re source depletion affects future production) and growth based simply on factor expan sion (where todays polluting activities do not affect tomorrows output). In the first case, there is an incentive to invest in the resource stock to protect its future value and so resource degradation or pollution may decrease with growth, particularly if appropriate ownership incentives are present. Where growth results simply from factor expansion with no allowance for technological change, the only way pollu tion can be reduced is through a reduction in output. Whither dirty Industries ? The intensity of pullution is beginr ning to level off In industrialcountries and is increasing in developing countries. Robert Lucas and others relate data on toxic emissions from the United States to cross-country manufacturing output and find that the intensity of emissions grew rapidly In developing countries during the  1970s and 1980s. So, dirty industries have certainly moved into developing countries, but have they migrated form industrial countries ? Increased toxic Intensity In de veloping countries may merely reflect dis persion, or industrial expansion, ratherthan migration. The toxic intensity of output declines as incomes rise only because the share of manufacturing in total output declines be yond a certain level of income. This is a compositional effect. There is no evidence that industry has left industrial countries. Neither is it apparent whether industries have chosen to locate in developing coun tries, rather than industrial countries, be cause of more lenient environmental regu lation. Patrick Low and Alexander Yeats use trade flow data as a proxy for shifts in the pattern of international industrial loca tion to examine how much dirty industries have migrated to developing countries over the past two decades. They identify 43 dirty industries based on the assumption that the higher the expenditures on pollu tion abatement and control, the dirtier an Industry. Trade data show that the share of dirty industry trade in total trade declined between 1965 and 1988, largely as a result of trends in industrial countries in the ex ports of many developing countries in creased. Low and Yeats supplemented that analysis with an examination of the re vealed comparative advantage (RCA) of 109 countries in the dirty industries. The RCA index measures whether the. share on a product in a countrys manufactured exports is proportionately larger than the share of that product in world trade in manufactures. If it is, the country is said to have a revealed comparative advantage in that product. Applying this Index to dirty industries showed a disproportionately large increase in the number of develop ing, countries with RCAs In most of the polluting industries. The rate at which de veloping countries acquired RCAs in dirty  industries in the period under study was four times greater than that of industrial countries and faster than the developing country average for all Industries. The faster, growth of dirty industries in lower-income countries may relate to such considerations as relative labor costs or natural resource endowments. Another possible explanation isthat particular kinds of industries, which happen to be relatively dirty, predominate in early stages of indus trial development. An issue in need of further research is whether firms that locate in low-income countries are dirtier than they would be If they located in industrial countries. Firms may wish to eschew this strategy even in it appeared that differences in environmen tal regulation offered a competitive advan tage. Reasons include fearof liabilityin the event of an environmental accident, the risk to a firms reputation from an environ mental scandal, the demends of consum ers (green consumerism) in export mar kets, anticipation of more stringent local environmental standards, and the relatively high costs of retrofitting aging capital equipment rather than starting out with top-of-the-line technology. Another is the cost of unbundling technology, such as the expense of shifting from cleaner produc tion processes to older, dirtier ones. processes to older, dirtier ones. Nancy Birdsall and David Wheeler show that dirtier industries tend to be lo cated in less open economies in Latin America. If economies with open trade re gimes attract more foreign investment than closed ones, these technological factors †¢are likely to be at work to a greater degree in the open economies. So, there may be an even stronger casse from an environ mental perspective for promoting liberal trading arrangements in developing coun tries than suggested by the industry compositon data alone. Birdsall and Wheeler presentsome anecdotal evidence from Chile of the positive link between openness and the transfer of environmen tally clean technology. International cooperation and the envi ronment. Looking at various aspects of inter national cooperation, Low and Safadi ar gue that trying to coerce countries into adopting particular environmental policies on the basis of unilateral objectives is un likely to raise environmental quality. Where punitive trade vestriction are involved, the costs of inefficiency associated with inap propriate interventions must also be con sidered. Environmental targets are more likely to be attained through cooperative arrangements that involve Incentives than through those that involve threats. Analyzing alternative policy ap proaches to dealing with international en vironmental externalities,. Ishac Diwanand Nemat Shafik demonstrate how, in a situa tion of less than perfectly functioning mar kets for capital and emissions, the opening of one market and not the other may lead to a harmful environmental outcome. This is an application ofthe theory ofthe second best. Diwan and Safik also establish the case for compensation, especially where industrial and developing country environ mental priorities differ, and where devel oping countries are expected to respond to industrial country concerns. While in dustrial countries worry about such issues as climate change and biodiversity, deve loping countries are much more preoccu pied with domestic problems such as health and local pollution. Making a careful analysis of alterna tive compensatory mechanisms, Diwan and Shafik look at current cash transfers, debtfornature swaps, technology transfers, and sanctions for nature (this is retaliatory or conditional ratherthan compensatory). The  only one of these mechanisms that is not accompanted by adverse side effects Is the transfer of clean or pollution-reducing technology. Under the assumptions of the model developed by Diwan and Shafik, the negative effects of inappropriate com pensatory menchanisms can be significant. This analysis stresses the importance of making efficient choice one a policy course has beeen decided on. Piritta Sorsa examines howthe rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) deal with environmental Is sues. She explores the GAIT rules on border adjustments (nondiscrimlnation and national treatment), public policy excep tions, the standards codes, and rules on dumping, subsidies, .and countervailing duties. Sorsa concludes that, since trade itself is rarely the source of an environ mental problem, there Is little sense in using trade policy to address such prob lems. It seems that the GATT poses little threat to the pursuit of legitimate environmetnal objectives (in contrast to hidden protection). At most, the GATT may be in need of a little clarification, as with the rules on border adjustments, where an Incentive is provided for the suboptimal use of envi ronmental taxes. According to Stewart Hudson, one approach would be for the GATTand other international agreements and protocols to make reforms in anticipation of the trrend among nations to adopt process standards and trade measures that affect both natu ral resources and. manufactured goods. Rather than fight the tide, GATT and trade negotiators should work on how to avoid the use of process standards as protec tionist devices.